BIOLOGY (Code No. 044)
The present syllabus reinforces the ideas introduced in the lower classes while the students learn new concepts besides getting an exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The syllabus also aims at emphasizing the underlying principles that are common to both animals and plants as well as highlighting the relationships of biology with other areas of knowledge. The format of the syllabus allows a simple, clear, consequential flow of concepts without any jarring jumps. The syllabus also stresses the connection of the study of Biology to real life problems, use of biological discoveries/ innovations in everyday life - in environment, nature, medicine, health and agriculture. The updated syllabus also focuses on reducing the curriculum load while ensuring that ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts of the subject continues to be available within its framework.
The prescribed syllabus is expected to
promote understanding of basic principles of biology
learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and society
encourage rational/specific attitude to issues related to population, environment and development
enhance awareness about environmental issues and problems and the appropriate solutions
create awareness amongst the learners about variations amongst the living and developing respect for the diversities and to appreciate that the most complex biological phenomenon are also built on essentially simple processes.
It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in the syllabus in a more contextual and friendly manner as they study its various units.
COURSE STRUCTURE
Class XI (Theory)
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One Paper Time: 3 Hours 70 marks
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No. Title Marks
2. Structural organization in animals and plants 12
3. Cell: Structure and function 15
4. Plant physiology 18
5. Human Physiology 18
Total : 70
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I. Diversity in Living World (25 Periods)
Diversity of living organisms
Classification of the living organisms (five kingdom classification, major groups and principles of classification within each kingdom).
Systematics and binomial System of nomenclature Salient features of animal (non-chordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level) and plant (major groups; Angiosperms up to class) classification, viruses, viroids, lichens Botanical gardens, herbaria, zoological parks and museums.
II Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants (30 Periods)
Tissues in animals and plants.
Morphology, anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed.
Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of an annelid (earthworm), an insect (cockroach) and an amphibian (frog).
III CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (40 Periods)
Cell: Cell theory; Prokanyotic and encaryotic cell, cell wall, cell membrane and cell organelles’ (plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies/dictyosomes, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles) and nuclear organization.
Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle.
Basic chemical constituents of living bodies.
Structure and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Enzymes: types, properties and function.
IV Plant Physiology (40 Periods)
Movement of water, food, nutrients and gases, Plants and Water Mineral nutrition, Respiration, Photosynthesis, Plant growth and development.
V Human Physiology (45 Periods)
Digestion and absorption.
Breathing and respiration.
Body fluids and circulation.
Excretory products and elimination.
Locomotion and movement.
Neural control and coordination,
chemical coordination and regulation.
Practicals
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Time: 3 Hours Marks : 30 60 Periods
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1. Experiments and spotting 20 marks
2. Record of one investigatory project and Viva based on the project 5 marks
3. Class record and Viva based on experiments 5 marks
30 marks
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A. List of Experiments
1. Study and describe three locally available common flowering plants from each of the following families (Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae) Types of root (tap or adventitious), stem (herbaceous/woody) leaf arrangement/shapes/venation/simple or compound).
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicot and monocot roots and stems (primary).
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo leaves).
5. Study of distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surface of leaves.
6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surface of leaves.
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats. To detect them in suitable plant and animal materials.
8. Separate plant pigments through paper chromatography.
9. To study the rate of respiration in flower buds and germinating seeds.
10. To study effect of salivary amalyse on starch.
11. To test the presence of urea, sugar, albumin and bile salts in urine.
B. Study/observation of the following (spotting)
1. Study parts of a compound microscope.
2. Study of the specimens and identification with reasons-Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast, Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pines, one monocotyledon and one dicotyledon and one lichen.
3. Study of specimens and identification with reasons-Amoeba, Hydra, Liverfluke, Ascaris, Leech, Earthworm, Prawn, Silkworm, Honeybee, Snail, Starfish, Shark, Rohu, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rabbit.
4. Study of tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant and animal cells (e.g. palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, squamous epithelium, muscle fibres and mammalian blood smear) through temporary/permanent slides.
5. Study of mitosis in onion root tip cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides.
6. Study of different modifications in root, stem and leaves.
7. Study and identify different types of inflorescences.
8. Study of imbibition in seeds/raisins.
9. Observation and comments on the experimental set up on:
a. Anaerobic respiration
b. Phototropism
c. Apical bud removal
d. Suction due to transpiration
10. To study human skeleton and different types of joints.
11. Study of external morphology of earthworm, cockroach and frog through models/ preserved specimens.
Recommended Textbooks
A text book in Biology, Published by NCERT
COURSE STRUCTURE
Class XII (Theory)
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One Paper Time: 3 Hours 70 marks
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No. Title Marks
2. Genetics and evolution 18
3. Biology and human Welfare 14
4. Biotechnology and its applications 10
5. Ecology and environment 14
Total : 70
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UNIT-I
I. REPRODUCTION
Reproduction in organisms : Asexual and sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants : Structure of flower, pollination, fertilization, development of seeds and fruits, apomixis and polyembryony.
Human reproduction : Reproductive system in male and female, menstrual cycle, production of gametes, fertilization, implantation, embryo development, pregnancy, parturition and lactation.
Reproductive Health : Population and birth control, contraception and MTP; sexually transmitted diseases, infertility.
UNIT-II
II. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Mendelian inheritance.
Chromosome theory of inheritance, deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction- incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles).
Sex determination in human beings: XX, XY.
Linkage and crossing over.
Inheritance pattern : Mendelian disorders and chromosomal disorders in humans.
DNA and RNA, search for genetic material, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation.
Gene expression and regulation.
Genome and Human Genome Project.
DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life, theories and evidences, adaptive radiation, mechanism of Evolution, origin and evolution of man.
UNIT -III
III BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
Basic concepts of immunology, vaccines.
Pathogens, Parasites
Cancer and AIDS
Adolescence and drug / alcohol abuse.
Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, food production, animal husbandry.
Mircobes in household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT -IV
IV BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
Principles and Processes; Recombinant DNA technology; Application in Health and Agriculture; genetically modified (GM) organisms; biosafety issues.
UNIT -V
V ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
Ecosystems : components, types, energy flow, nutrient cycling and ecosystem services.
Organism and Population : Organisms and its environment, population and ecological adaptations.
Centres of diversity and conservation for biodiverity, Biosphere reserves, National parks and sancturaries. Environmental issues.
Practicals
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Time: 3 Hours Marks : 30 60 Periods
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1. Experiments and spotting 20 marks
2. Record of one investigatory project and Viva based on the project 5 marks
3. Class record and Viva based on experiments 5 marks
30 marks
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List of Experiments
1. Disect the given flower and display different whorls. Disect anther and ovary to show number of chambers.
2. Study pollen germination on a slide.
3. Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity of soil. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
4. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms.
5. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different sites.
6. Study of plant population density by quadrat method.
7. Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method.
8. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis
9. To study the effect of the different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
Study/observation of the following (Spotting)
1. Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect)
2. Study of pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
3. Study and identify stages of gamete development i.e. T.S. testis and T.S. ovary through permanent slides. (from any mammal)
4. Study meiosis in onion bud cell or grass hopper testis through permanent slide.
5. Study of T.S. of blastula through permanent slide.
6. Study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/size of any plant.
7. Study prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness.
8. Exercise on controlled pollination-Emasculation, tagging and bagging.
9. To identify common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Ringworm through permanent slide or specimen. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Study two plants and two animals found in xerophytic condition. Comment upon their adaptations/morphological.
11. Study plants and animals found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their adaptations/ morphological.
Recommended Textbooks
A text book in Biology, Published by NCERT
BIOTECHNOLOGY (Code No. 045)
An unprecedented growth of human knowledge in the field of Biological Sciences coupled with equally significant developments in the field of technology have brought significant changes into existing social and economic systems. The emerging field of Biotechnology is likely to further enhance the applications of Science and Technology in the service of human welfare. Modern Biotechnology processes encompass a wide range of new products such as antibiotics, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and many more. Furthermore, developments in recombinant DNA technology have yielded numerous new useful products in the fields of healthcare and agriculture.
The present syllabus takes care of all these aspects. Due emphasis has been laid on familiarizing the learners with the fundamental concepts, basic techniques and their applications. It is expected that the knowledge gained through the study of different topics and the skills acquired through the prescribed practical work will make the learners competent to meet the challenges of academic as well as professional courses after studying the subect at senior secondary stage.
OBJECTIVES
The broad objectives of teaching Biotechnology at senior secondary level are:
To help the learners know and understand basic facts and concepts in the subject at elementary stage.
To expose the students to different basic processes and basic techniques used in Biotechnology
To farmiliarize the learners to understand the relationship of the subject to health, nutrition, environment, agriculture and industry etc.
To develop conceptual competence in the learners so as to cope up with professional courses in future career.
To acquaint students with different applications of Biotechnology in everyday life.
To develop an interest in students to study biotechnology as a discipline.
Course Structure
Class XI (Theory)
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One Paper (Three Hours) 70 Marks
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Unit I Introduction to Biotechnology 10
Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering
Biotechnology and Society
Unit II Biomolecules 20
Building Blocks of Biomolecules-Structure and dynamics
Structure and function of Macromolecules.
Biochemical Techniques
Unit III Cell and Development 20
The basic unit of life
Cell Growth and development
Cellular Techniques
Unit IV Genetics and Molecular Biology 20
Principles of Genetics
Genome Function
Genetical Techniques
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PRACTICALS
Note : Every student is required to do the following experiments during the academic session.
1. Preparation of buffers and pH determination.
2. Sterlization techniques (Wet and Dry Sterlization, Chemical sterlization and Utrafiltration.
3. Media preparation (Solid and Liquid LB medium)
4. Isolation of bacteria from curd and staining of bacteria.
5. Determination of bacterial growth curve.
6. Study of various stages of mitosis and calculation of mitotic index.
7. Preparation of Karyotype.
8. Cell counting (using Haemocytometer)
9. Isolation of genomic DNA.
10. Detection of DNA by gel electrophoresis.
11. Isolation of milk protein (casein)
12. Estimation of protein by Biuret method.
13. Assaying the enzyme acid phosphate.
Scheme of Evaluation:
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks 30
The scheme of evaluation at the end of session will be as under:
Two experiments : 20 Marks
Viva on experiments : 5 Marks
Practical record : 5 Marks
Course Structure
Class XII (Theory)
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One Paper (Three Hours) 70 Marks
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Unit V: Protein and Gene Manipulation Marks :40
Chapter I: Protein Structure and Engineering 15 Marks
Introduction to the world of Proteins
3-D Shape of Proteins
Structure Function relationship in Proteins
Purification of Proteins
Characterization of Proteins
Protein based products
Designing Proteins
Proteomics
Chapter II: Recombinant DNA Technology 15 Marks
Introduction
Tools of rDNA Technology
Making Recombinant DNA
DNA Library
Introduction of Recombinant DNA into host cells
Identification of recombinants
Polymerase Chains Reaction (PCR)
DNA Probes
Hybridization Techniques
DNA Sequencing
Site-directed mutagenesis
Chapter III: Genomics and Bioinformatics 10 Marks
Introduction
Genome Sequencing Projects
Gene Prodiction and counting
Genome similarity, SNP's and comparative genomics
Functional Genomics
History of Bioinformatics
Sequences and Nomenclature
Information Sources
Analysis using Bioinformatics tools.
Unit VI : Cell Culture Technology 10 Marks
Chapter I: Microbial Culture and Applications
Introduction
Microbial Culture Techniques
Measurement and Kinetics of microbial Growth
Scale up of microbial process
Isolation of microbial products
Strain isolation and Improvement
Applications of microbial culture technology
Bioethics in microbial technology
Chapter II: Plant Cell Culture and Applications 10 Marks
Introuction
Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques
Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture
Gene Transfer Methods in Plants
Transgenic Plants with Beneficial Traits
Diagnostics in Agriculture and Molecular Breeding
Bioethics in Plant Genetic Engineering
Chapter III: Animal Cell Culture and Applications 10 Marks
Introduction
Animal Cell Culture Techniques
Characterisation of Cell Lines
Scale-up of Animal Culture Process
Applicationsof Animal Cell Culture
Stem Cell Technology
Bioethics of Genetic Engineering in Animals
Practicals
Note: Every student will be required to do the following experiments during the academic session
List of Experiments
1. Isolation of bacterial plasmid DNA and its detection by gel eletrophoresis
2. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA and its analysis by gel electrophoresis
3. Bacterial transformation using any plasmid
4. Data retrival and data base search using internet site NCBI
5. Download a DNA and protein sequence from internet, analyse and comment on it.
6. Cell viability assay (using Evans blue Stain)
7. Determination of blood groups.
8. Estimation of DNA
9. Ion-exchange chromatography for proteins.
10. Reading of a DNA sequencing gel and arrive at the sequence.
11. Estimation of blood glucuse by enzymatic method (GOD/POD)
12. Project work.
Scheme of Evaluation:
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Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks 30
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The scheme of evaluation at the end of the session will be as under:
A. Two experiments : (only one computer bassed practical) 6+6
Practical record : 04
Viva on Practicals : 04
B. Project work :
Write up : 05
Viva on project : 05
Total 30
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Recommended Books:
1. A Textbook of Biotechnology-Class XI: published by CBSE, New Delhi.
2. A Laboratory Manual of Biotechnology-Class XI:published by CBSE, New Delhi.
3. A Textbook of Biotechnology-Class XII: published by CBSE, New Delhi
4. A Laboratory Manual of Biotechnology-ClassXII: published by CBSE, New Delhi.