ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION
CLASS XI
SEMESTER-I
Unit-I:Man and Environment
1. Environment
• Dimensions of Environment-physical, biological and social.
• Human being as rational and social partner in environmental actions.
• Society and environment in India: Indian traditions, customs and culture past and present.
2. Population and environment
• Population and Environment
3. Impact of Human Activities on Environment
• Environmental problems of urban and rural areas.
• Natural resources and their depletion
• Stress on civic amenities, supply of water and electricity, waste disposal, transport, health services.
• Vehicular emissions.
• Urbanisations-land use, housing, migrating and floating population.
Unit-II: Environment and Development
4. Economic and Social Development
• Economic and social needs as basic considerations for development
• Agriculture and industry as major sector of Development
• Social factors affecting development-poverty, affluence, education, employment, child marriage and child labour, human health-HIV/AIDS social culture and ethical values.
5. Impact of Liberalization and Globalization
• Impact of liberalization and globalization-agriculture and industries, dislocation of manpower and unemployment implications for social harmony.
6. Role of Society in Development and environment
• Role of Society in Development and environment-public awareness through education, eco-clubs, population education programme campaigns, public participation in decision–making.
SEMESTER-I
Project work
Exemplar projects and activities
It is expected that students will undertake two projects or activities, one of which should be undertaken individually and they will prepare report in each case. Teachers may plan and design projects and activities depending upon the local situations, available resources and environmental issues of concern. The projects and activities given below are only suggestive and not prescriptive.
• To study the changes that have taken place in the given land area of a city/village/locality/market during the last five years in respect of atleast five parameters like number of houses, residents and families, food habits, number of household goods in a family, consumption of water, electricity and fuels including that for personal vehicles by a family sources of noise (public address systems being used, television, radio and vehicles on the road), common facilities like number of schools, hospitals, shops, theatres, public convenience, public utilities, public transport, number of factories, industries and/or the facilities for production and processing of goods, loss of water bodies, types and quality of wastes, their disposal and treatment facilities with a view to discussing the patterns of changes and impact on the environment and quality of life. One specific project on these aspects may be to study the number of houses, residents and land area during thee last five years in respect of the number of houses, residents and families and to prepare a report on their effects of civic amenities like availability of water, electricity and fuels, the drainage system, disposal of wastes including night soil.
• To study the environment profile of a town/locality/village in respect of population density, green cover; educational level of residents, social problems and sources of pollution and their effect on air, water and soil.
SEMESTER-II
Unit-III: Environmental Pollution and Global Issue
7. Environmental Pollution
• Air water (fresh and marine), soil pollution-sources and consequences.
• Noise and radiation pollution-sources and consequences.
• Solid, liquid and gaseous pollution
8. Pollution and Diseases
• Handling of hazardous material and process and management of hazardous wastes.
• Pollution related diseases.
• Strategies for reducing pollution and improving the environment.
9. Global Issues and Improvement of Environment
• Ozone Layer depletion and its effects.
• Greenhouse effect global warming and climate changes and their effects on human society, agriculture, plants and animals.
10. Disaster
• Disaster-natural (earthquake, droughts, floods, cyclones, landslides) and man made (technological and industrial), their impact on the environment, prevention, control and mitigation.
Unit-IV: Energy
11. Energy Consumption
• Changing global patterns of energy consumption-from ancient to modern times.
• Energy consumption as a measure of quality of life.
• Rising demand of energy gap between demand and supply (Indian context).
12. Conventional Sources of Energy
• Conventional energy sources-fossil fuels and firewood, potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and environment consequences of their use.
13. Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
• Non-conventional energy sources-type of non-conventional sources (biomass, solar, wind, ocean, hydel, geothermal, nuclear), potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and their environmental consequences, need to promote non-conventional energy sources.
14. Conservation of Energy
• Conservation of energy sources-efficiency in production, transportation and utilization of energy.
• Future sources of energy-hydrogen, alcohol, fuel cells.
Unit-V: Safe Work Environment and Occupational Hazards
15. Safe Work Environment
• Safe work environment-adequate light, ventilation, cleanliness, good house keeping.
16. Safety Laws, Accidents and First-Aid
• Safety awareness management-safety precautions-home and work (laboratory,
workshop, work site), safe handling of equipment and material.
• Occupational hazards-physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, biological, radiational and psychological.
• Accidents and major hazards in industries and occupations-fire, explosion, toxic release.
• First aid measures.
• Laws and regulations related to occupational health and safety.
SEMESTER-II
Project Work
Exemplar projects and activities
It is expected that students will undertake two projects or activities, one of which should be undertaken individually, and they will prepare report in each case. Teachers may plan and design projects and activities depending upon the local situations, available resources and environmental issues of concern. The projects and activities given below
are only suggestive and not prescriptive.
• To improvise two models of greenhouses of similar dimensions made from low cost/on cost material, to place them in open under identical conditions; and put some potted plants in one of them to note the temperature inside and outside of both the greenhouses every two hours from dawn to dustk for two weeks. To explain the reasons, the differences in temperature, if any, between the two green houses.
• To collect data on monthly consumption of electricity and fuels from atleast five families, any two commercial establishments and four public utilities in given locality. To plan strategies for educating consumers to economies of the consumption of electricity and fuel by reducing their over-use, misuse and improper use.
• To study for a period of one month the status of sanitary conditions and method of waste disposal of a given locality vis-à-vis the role of Panchayat, Municipality or Corporation and to prepare an action plan for making the conditions more
environmental.
• To investigate the impact of an industry or a large manufacturing unit on the local environment. The parameters could be land use, the ratio of the covered area and the open space, the raw materials used for production, inputs like electricity and water, the types of waste generated and the modes of waste disposal, use of environment friendly and efficient technology, types of pollutants emitted or discharged, the average healthy status of the employees and residents in the area.
• To collect samples of water from different sources and study their physical characteristics like turbidity colour, odour, the measures of pH. the nature of suspended and dissolved impurities and pollutants, the presence of toxic materials
like mercury, lead, arsenic, fluorine and the presence of living organisms. For testing the presence of toxic materials and living organisms the help of local laboratory and institution may be taken, if available. To identify the most polluted sample of water and locate the sources of its pollution. To devise an action plan for mobilizing public
opinion for checking the pollution.
• To prepare a status report on the prevalence of child labour in a given area through a simple surveys on children engaged as domestic help, as workers in farms, commercial establishment and manufacturing units. The survey may be in respect of age group, education, wages, working hours, working conditions, safety in work place, healthy handling hazardous materials and the like. Units dealing with hazardous materials and processes may be identified and an action plan for mobilizing public opinion against the practice of child labour may be prepared.
• To prepare a flow chart to show different steps involved the supply of tap water from the source (river, bore-well) to houses in the locality. To collect information form the concerned authorities about the quantity of water processed and the amount of energy required for the purpose at each stage. To compute the energy spent for supplying 1 kilolitre of water to the consumer. To plan and execute a campaign to educate the community members about the implications of wastage of water in terms of energy.
• To conduct a survey through observation and interviews about the prevailing work environment of an establishment such as workshop, factory, manufacturing unit, hospital or any other related to a specific vocation and prepare a report highlighting the presence or absence of the desirable environmental conditions.
• To study through observation and interviews, practices followed by the workers in handling hazardous chemicals or hazardous processes and to prepare an action plan suggesting to remedial measures.
• To prepare model action plan for generation of biogas and other useful products form biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes on the basis of data collected for a village or locality indicating environmental and economic benefits.
• To study through observation and interviews the extent of adherence to the prescribed norms of safety in the manufacturing units and automobile workshops in the locality and to prepare a report thereon.
GEOLOGY
CLASS-XI
SEMESTER-I
PART-A
Geology:
Aims of Geology, historical development of Geo science, its branches and their outline.
A general outline of the following:
The Earth:
Its setting, part of the solar system, The origin of the solar system and the earth.
The earth’s major features-The ocean basins, the continents, Origin of the continents and ocean basins.
PART-B
The Earth’s Crust:
Nature, material of the crust, minerals, classification of the some common rockforning minerals, Rocks: Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, common primary featres and structure of rocks, the phenomenon of igneous activity, volcanoes, varieties of volcanoes.
Earthquakes:
Causes of earthquake, earthquake waves. Some Indian examples. Nature of the earth’s structure-the crust, the mantle and core. Summary of the physical properties of the earth’s parts.
Uniformitarianism:
Principles of Stratigraphy, Geological Time-scale, Indexfossils, Correlation Homotaxis. Facies concept in stratigraphy, palaeography. Basic idea about geological maps.
PRACTICAL
1. Identification of some important minerals like quartz, feldspars, mica, magnetic, copperores etc. in landspecimen.
SEMESTER-II
PART-A
A general outline of the following:
The Geological force:
Internal forces, Earth Movement, External forces. The Hydrological cycle, weathering and erosion, formation of soils and their types and utility.
The Force of the wind:
Movement of the atmosphere, wind erosion and deposition by wind.
The Ground water:
Principles of ground water, origin and Occurrence/movement of the ground water acquifers and wills, Geologic works of groundwater.
PART-B
River at Work:
Run off, factors controlling run off, drainage system and system patterns. Erosion and transportation by running water. Changes in river with time. River deposits. The cycle of erosion with Indian examples.
Land scluptures by glaciers. Growth and movement of glaciers; Kinds of glaciers with some Indian examples, glacier regiment and former glacier regiment and former glaciers.
Geologic work of glaciers.
Wave action and shore lines. Mechanism of wave action, geologic work of wave deposition. Shorelines and sea level.
Types of fossils, modes of preservation, uses of fossils, brief idea about important fossil groups such as branchiopods, molluscs, trilobities, graptolities, echinoderms. Some idea about plant fossils.
PRACTICAL
(ii) Identification of important fossils like Tercbratula. Spirifer, Products Trionia, pecten, Murex, Trochus, Belemnities. Ceratities, Calymene, phacops, mono, gruptus, Microster.
(iii) Determination of specific gravity and study of rocks in land specimen. Granite, sandstone, quartzite, limestone, marble, basalt, etc. Indentification of important characters.
(iv) Study of geological map and identification of various features shown on topographical sheets and relief of oceans and continents.