Syllabus of Higher Secondary Standard (Sci. Stream Eng. Medi.)
Standard 11 Chemistry (052) (Theoretical & Practical)
Unit - 1 Some basic concepts of chemistry :-Importance of studying chemistry, physical quantities and their s.1 units, dimensional analysis precision and significant figures, classification of matter laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory, mole concept, atomic, molecular and molar masses. Percentage composition and molecular formula, stoichiometry of chemical reactions.
Unit - 2 States of matter
Gaseous State : Measurable properties of gases, the gas laws, ideal gas equation, kinetic molecular theory, deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour; liquefaction of gases, critical temperature and its importance.
Liquid state : Measurable properties of liquids, qualitative description of vapour pressure, surface tension and viscosity.
Solid state : Classification of solids based on different binding forces.
Unit - 3 : Atomic structure
* Fundamental particles, Rutherford Model of an atom, Nature of electromagnetic radiation, emission spectrum of hydrogen atom, :concept of energy levels (orbits).
* Drawbacks (weaknesses) of Bohr's model, modern concept of structure of atom (elementary idea only) concept of orbits and orbitals, main four quantum numbers, electronic configuration of elements, Aufbau Principle, Pauli's principle, Hund's rule.
Unit - 4 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
* The need of classification of elements, the significance of (i) Mendeleev's periodic law (ii) Atomic number and periodic taw, present (modern) form of the periodic table. The IUPAC nomenclature for the elements with Z >100, electronic configuration of the elements and periodic table.
* Types of elements : s, p, d and f block elements, periodic thrends in properties; Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valency..
Unit - 5 Fist law of thermodynamics and chemical energetic:
* Some basic concepts : Types of systems, surrounding, types of processes, intensive and extensive properties, state functions, irreversible process. Zeroth Law and First Law of thermodynamics, internal energy, Enthalpy work, heat capacity, specific heat capacity, molar heat capacity, enthalpy changes during phase transitions, enthalpy change in chemical reactions, standard enthalpy of formation, Hess's law of constant heat summation, bond enthalpy, Measurement of enthalpy of reactions, energy of combustion reactions, source of energy. Sun as primary source of energy, alternative sources of energy.
Unit-6 : Chemical bounding and molecular structure
* Kossel - Lewis approach of bomnding, ionic bond lattice structure and energy. Born-Haber cycle, covalent bond - Lewis structure of covalent bond, resonance structures, geometry of molecules, VSEPR model, polarity of bond, electro negativity, valence bond approach, concept of resonance, directional properties of bond, Hybridization SP, SP2, SP3, qualitative approach.
Unit - 7 Equilibrium reactions and equilibrium.
* Dynamic nature, of equilibrium, equilibrium in, physical processes, equilibrium, in chemical reactions, law of chemical equilibrium, derivation of relationship between Kp and Kc, Le chatelier's principle.
Unit - 8 : Equilibrium - II : Inonic equilibrium in solutions.
* Equilibria involving inos, various concepts of acids and bases - Arrhenius, Bronsted
Lowry and Lewis, dissociation of acids and bases, acid-base equilibrium, ionization of water. PH scale, hydrolysis of salts, calculations of PH of salt solutions, acid-base titration using indicators, solubility equilibrium and solubility product, Common ion effect, elementary idea of buffer solutions.
Unit - 9 : Redox reactions
* Odixation and Reduction, Electron transfer concept, redox reactions in aqueous solutions, oxidation number, balancing of chemical equations in redox reactions by oxidation number method and ion-electron method or half-reaction method, simple idea of electrode potential, stoichiometry of redox reactions in solutions.
SEMESTER - II
Unit - 10 : Principles and processes of extraction of elements.
* Modes of occurrence, Chemical Principles underlying concentration of ores, reduction oxidation (electronation, de-electronation), refing of metals.
Unit - 11 : Hydrogen :
* Unique position in periodic Table, Occurrence, isotpes, dihydrogen - preparation (including commercial preparation) properties, reactions and uses.
* Hydride - molecular, saline and iterstitial water : Structure and aggregation of water molecules (physical and chemical properties) hard and soft water, water softner, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen economy, use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel.
Unit - 12 : S-block Elements :
* General introduction of s-block elements abundance occurrence, anomalous properties of the first elements in each group, directional relationship of entire groups (diagonal relationship)
* Alkali metals : Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (JE, atomic and inonic radiil), reactivity and electrode potential, reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogen and liquid ammonia. Basic properties of oxides and hydroxides, halides. Li and Na-Occurrence, extraction, Properties and uses, Na2, C03
* Alkaline earth metals :,Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (IE, atomic and inonic radil) reactivity and electrode potential, reactions with non metals, oxides, hydroxides and halides. Solubility and thermal stability of oxosalts.
* Magnesium - Occurrence, extraction, properties and uses compounds of alkaline earth metals like CaO, Ca(OH)2, Industrial uses of lime and lime stone, cement.
Unit - 13 : Some Plock elements :
* Boron : Occurrence, isolation. physical and chemical properties, borax, boric acid, boron hydride, halides, (Elementary idea of boranens, diborance and borates) uses of boron and its compounds.
* Carbon : Terrestrial abundance and distribution, allotropes like graphite, diamond, and fullerences elementary idea only). Atomic and physical properties, Chemical properties, oxides, carbides, halides, sulphides, uses of carbon.
* Nitrogen : Terrestrial abundance and distribution dinitrogen, isolation., atomic and physical properties, chemical reacitivty, Fixation of nitrogen industrial and biological.
* Ammonia : Industrial preparation, Haber's process only. Important properties and reactions.
* Oxides of nitrogen : Preparation, Structures (Skeetal only) pp-pp bonding. Nitric acid, industrial production (Ostwald process). Uses of nitrogen and its compounds.
* Oxygen : Terrestrial abundance and distribution, dioxygen - Isolation, atomic and physical properties, chemical reactivity, acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides.
* Ozone : Preparation, structure and some oxidizing properties.
Unit - 14 : Organic chemistry - some basic preinciples.
* Tetravalency of carbon, hybridization, s and p (Pi) bond, shapes of simple molecules.
Functionla groups: -C = C,> C = C > and functional groups containing halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series, isomerism (structural only). General introduction to naming the organic compounds - trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature, Illustration With simple examples. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond, inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation, Fission of a covalent bond; free radicals, electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanious.
* Common types of organic reactions : substitution, addition, elemination and rearrangement reactions, illustration with examples.
Unit - 15: Hydrocarbons
* Classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes and cycloalkanes -.lUPAC nomenclature, conformations of alkanes and cyploalkanes (Ethane, propane, butane and cyclohexane), 3D structures and 2D projections (Sawhorse and Newmann)
* Alkenes and Alkynes : Nomenclature, geometrical isomerism in alkenes, stability of alkenes, general methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions - reactivity, mechanism of electrophillic addition, reactions in alkenes, Markovnikoff's rule, peroxide effect, acidic characteristics of alkynes, polymerization reactions - dienes, concept of delocatlization of electrons, addition reaction reaction, in dienes (1 1 2 and 1, 4 addition)
* Aromatic hydrocarbons :
* Benzene and its homologues, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature sources of aormatic hydrocarbons, (Coal and petroleum) structure of benzene, resonance, delocalisation, concept of aromaticity - an elementary idea. Chemical reactions of benzane, mechanism of electrophillic substitution, reactions, directive effect of substituents and their effect on reactivity, polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity, o6ly reactions of toluene.
* Petroleum and petrochemicals:
* Compostion of curde Oil, fractionation, uses of different fractions, quality of gasoline, LPG and CNG. Cracking and reforming, petrochemicals.
Unit - 16: Purification and Characterisation of carbon compounds.
* Purification of carbon compounds, filtration, Crystallisation, Sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography.
* Qualitative analysis : Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogen (basic principles only).
* Determination of molecular mass :- Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method, use of mass spectrometer for determining accurate molecular mass (elementary idea only), Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae.
Unit - 17 Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens.
* Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physcial properties, Chemical reactions - with emphasis mechanism of substitution reactions, difference in relativity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes.
* Some commercially important compounds - names and structures of some compounds with simple structures and their uses.
Unit - 18 Environmental Chemistry:
* Enviromental pollutants, soil, water and air pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, kind of smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozon and its reactions, effects of the depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming - industrial air pollution, green chemistry for reducing pollution.
PRACTICALS
SEMESTER - I
* Primary guidelines about laboratory.
* It is most essential to give the experimental guidelines during the experiment in each concerned experiment.
* To obtain the crystals of any one of inorganic substance of impure sample by crystallization.
Alum, copper sulphate, sodium chloride.
* It should be included in theoretical text book.
* (a) Determination of pH of solutions of acids and bases having different concentrations by using pH paper/universal indicators. In place of this experiment in 10th standard, "to determine equivalent weight of magnesium."
(b) This should be included in theoretical text book. In place of this experiment "To perform experiment of gas diffusion."
* To study the changes in equilibrin during the, reaction taking place between ferric and the thiosulphateion by deareasing/increasing concentration.
* To determine the enthalpy of neutralization between strong acid (HCI) and Strong base (NaOH)
* (a) To prepare standard normal solution of Sodium Carbonate and Olalic acid by explaining scientific base by laboratory teacher.
(b) double titration :
To determine the concentration in terms of normality and gram/litre of a mixed solution of strong and weak base ( NaOH + Na2 CO3) / KOH + K2 CO3 ) by using standard normal solution of HCI.
SEMESTER - II
* To perform the tests of positive ion and negative ion in aqueous solution of inorganic soluble substance in water.
- Positive ions :
Pb2+, Cu2, Sn2, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+
Negative ions :
CL-, CO3 2-, Br-, L-, PO4 2-, Cr2O7 2-, SO4 2-, NO3 -
* (a) To determine the melting point of organic solid substance (by using waterbath) (both experiments are to be included in theoretical text book)
(b) To determine boiling point of organic liquid (by using waterbath)
* To detect elements like, Nitrogen, Sulphur or halogen in organic substance (Lassign test)
* Both experiments should be included in theoretical text book.
* Both experiments should be included in theoretical.
Standard 12 Chemistry (Theoretical & Practical)
UNIT - 1 Atomic Structure and chemical bonding* Dual nature of matter and radiation,
* De-broglie relation, Uncertainty principle
* Wave mechanical treatment of hydrogen atom (elementary)
* Wave functions and quantum numbers.
* Atomic orbitals and their shapes, spin quantum number, electronic configuration and atoms, molecular orbital method (Homonuclear diatomic molecules only)
* Concept of bond order, metallic bond (simple qualitative treatment w.r.t. bond theory)
* Hybridisation involving s,p and d-orbitals, intermolecular forces.
UNIT - 2 The solid state :
* Space lattie, unit cells, cubic crystal system, close packing structure in crystal, x-rays studies of crystals, structure of simple ionic compounds (Mx and Mx 2 type only)
* Imperfaction in solid substances, properties of solids (electrical, magnetic and dielectric) Amorphous solids (elementary idea only)
UNIT - 3 Solution
* Units of concentration, solubility of gases, solubility of solids, vapour pressure of a solution, colligative properties - Relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic pressure.
* Methods of determination of molecular mass. Abnormal molecular mass.
UNIT - 4 Thermodynamics
* First law (brief), second law of thermodynamies, Entropy (criterion of spontaneous and non-spontaneous process), Gibb's free energy (law of spontaniety). standard entropies and free energy of formation. Free energy change and chemical equilibrium. Free energy change and - non-mechanical work. Third law of thermodynamies (brief).
UNIT - 5 Electrochemistry
* Electrolytic and galvanic cell, electrolysis and its laws. Electronic conduction - conductance, conductivity, Molar conductivity, kolharausch's law and its application. Galvanic cells m Electrode potential, electromotive force, Nernst's equation, electrode potential and electrolysis. Primary and secondary cells including fuel cells. Corrosion and its prevention (stop). Commercial production of chemicals m examples only. manufacture of NaOH, Na, Al, Cl2 and F2.
UNIT - 6 Chemical Kinetics:
* Average and instantaneous rate of a reaction. Rate expression and order of a reaction. Integrated rate expressions of zero and first order reactions and their, derivations.
* Half life period, determination of rate constant/order of reaction (graphical method and ostwald isolation method)
Temperature dependence of rate constant - Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Mechanism of reaction - elementary and complex reactions. Reactions involving two-three steps only.
UNIT - 7 Surgace chemistry
* Adsorption - physical and chemical adsorption.
* Factors affecting adsorption - effect of pressure (Freundlich and lungmuir isotherm) and effect of temperature (qualitative only).
* Catalysis - enzymes, zeolites, colloids.
* Distinction between true solution, colloids and suspensions.
* Classificatin based on dripersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids - Lyophillic and lyophobc. Multimolecular, Macromolecular and associated colloids (miscelles). Methods of preparation of colloids and their properties.
* Emulsions - Types of emulsions oil/water and water/oil emulsifiers.
UNIT - 8 Group elements
* Group 13 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties. oxidation state. Trends in chemical reactivity.
* Aluminium : Extraction from bauxite. Reactions of aluminium with acid and alkali.
* Group 14 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses.. Atomic and physical properties. Oxidation state. Trends in chemical reactivity.
Forms of silicaes : uses and structures, silicates (preliminary treatment). Silicones : structures and uses. Tin and lead : extraction, halides and oxides (preparation, properties and uses)
* Group 15 elements Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties, oxidation states. Trends in chemical reactivity. Hydrides, oxides and halides. Production of phosphorous - allotropes. phosphine : Preparation and structure. Pcl3, Pcl5, P4010 and oxy acids of phosphorous (structure only)
* Group 16 elements Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity. Some important compounds : oxides, oxy acids, Hydrides and halides (Structure and properties) Sulphur : Production, allotropes, Oxides, Sulphuric acid - manufacture and uses.
* Group 17 elements : Introduction, occurrence and uses. Atomic and physical properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity. Hydrides, oxides and oxy acids of chlorine.
Bleaching powder - preparation and properties. Inter halogen compounds - types, formulae and shapes (Ax, Ax3, Ax5, Ax7 )
* Group 18 elements Introduction, isolation and uses. Atomic and physical properties.
compounds of xenon-xenon fluorides, oxides and oxy acids (preparation, structure and reaction with water)
UNIT - 9 d- and f-block elements
* d-block elements : Electronic configuration and characteristics of transition elements. General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements (Metallic character, IE, electrode potential, oxidation state, ionic radi, catalytic properties, coloured ions, formation of complexes, magnetic properties (Fe, Co, Ni), Interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
* Occurrence and principles of extraction : Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn and Hg steel and some important alloys.
* Compounds : Preparation and properties of CuSO4, AgNO3, silver and mercury halides, K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
* Photography : Chemistry of developing, fixing and printing.
* f-block elements : Lanthan ides- i ntrod uction , oxidation state, chemical reactivity, Lanthanide contraction and uses.
* Actinides : Introduction, electronic configuration, brief comparison with lanthanides.
UNIT - 10 Coordination compounds
* Coordination Compound's introduction, ligands and coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature and formula (quantitative idea only)
* Idea of stability of coordination compounds. (idea of stability constant of coordination compounds)
Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems (chloropyull, vitamin B12 and haemoglobin)
UNIT - 11 Nuclear Chemistry
* Natural and artificial radioactivity, nuclear reactions, artificial transmutation of elements.
Nuclear energy-Nuclear fission and fusion, Nuclear reactors, Radioactive isotopes and their uses. Half life period, radiochernical dating, synthetic elements including transactinides. (elementary idea only)
UNIT - 12 Stereo chemistry :
* Isomerism and recapitulation of geometrical isomerism and confirmations.
* Optical activity use of polarimeter in determination the principle, specific rotation.
* Chirality : Chiral objects
asymmetric carbon, compounds containing one chiral centre. enantiomers, D-L and R-S nomenclature, recemic mixture, recernisation. compounds containing two chiral centres. Diastereoisomers, mesoform, resolution, importance of stereochemistry.
UNIT - 13 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen :
* Alcohols and phenols : Electronic structure of functional groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions - mechanism of dehydration of alcohols, acidity of phenol, reactivity of phenol in electrophillic substitution.
* Ethers : electronic structure of functional group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation. Physical properties, chemical reactions. Some industrially important compounds.
UNIT - 14 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen :
* Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions - reactivity of aldehyde and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, cross aldol condensation, cannizzarro reaction, Mechanism of nucleophillic addition reaction with C=O group.
* Carboxylic acid : Elecronic structure of carbory group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions, effect of substitution on (x-carbon based on acetic reactivity. Mechanism of esterification.
* Derivative of carboxylic acid : Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of derivatives, some industrially important compounds.
UNIT - 15 Organic compounds with functional group containing nitrogen :
* Nitro compounds : Electronic structure of nitro group, nomenclature, important method of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
* Amine compounds : Electronic structure of primary, secondary and tertiary amine group, nomenclature, important method of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amine, chemical reactions, separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
* Diazoniurn salt Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene diazonium chloride, importance of diazonium salt in sythetic organic chemistry.
* Cyanide and isocyanide compounds : electronic structure of cyanide and isocyanide group, nomenclature, preparation, physical properaties and chemical reactions, some imdustrially important compounds.
UNIT - 16 Polymers
* Classification of polymers, General method of polymerization addition and condesnation, free radical, cationic and aniionic polymerisation, copolymerisation, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers. (examples of monomer only) condensation polymer, molecular mass of polymers (highlightening level of complexity only), Bio polymers, and biodegradable polymers, some industrially important polymers.
UNIT - 17 Biomolecules
* Carbohydrates : classification, monosacharides, structures of pentoses and hexoses. anomeric carbon, mutarotation, simple chemical reactions of glucose,
disaccharides : reducing and non reducing sugars-sucrose, maltose and lactose, polysaccharides : elementary idea of structures of starch and cellulose.
* Proteins : a-amino Acids : peptide bond, polypeptides, primary structure of protein, simple idea of secondary and tertiary structures of protein, denaturation of proteins and enzymes.
* Nucleic acids : Types of nucleic acid, primary building blocks of nucleic acids (simple chemical composition of DNA and RNA). Primary structure of DNA and its double helix, replication, transcription and protein synthesis.
* Lipids : Classification, structure, functions in biosystems.
* Hormones : Classification, Structure and functions in biosystems.
* Vitamins : Classification, functions of vitamins in biosynthesis.
UNIT - 18 Chemistry in every day life
* Chemicals in medicine and health-care
Analgesics, Tranquilisers, qutiseptics, disinfectants, anti- microbials , anti-fertilility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids (chemical name only)
* Dyes Classification with examples - indigo, methyl orange, aniline yellow, alizarine, malachite green.
* Chemicals in cosmetics Creams, perfumes, talcum powder, deodorants. (chemical neames only)
* Advanced substanes : Carbon fibres, ceramics, micro alloys
* Chemicals in food : preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, and edible collours (chemical names only)
* Detergents : Classification - some important examples.
* Insect repellants : Pheromones, sex attractants.
* Rocket propellents : Characteristics, useful chemicals.
PRACTICALS
Semester - III
* Preparation of any one of following double salt and its crystallization.
Ferrous ammonium sulphate or Porash alum.
* This is to be included in theoretical text book.
* This is to be included in theoretical text book.
* The effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and iodine solution. (volumetric method)
* This is to be included in theoretical text book.
* This is to be included in theoretical text book.
* The determination of concentration in terms of normality, molarity and grams/litre of KMnO4/K2CrO7 solutions by using solution of standard normality of oxalic acid / Potassium Oxalate / Ferrous ammonium sulphate.
* This is to be included in theoretical text book.
Semester IV
* Inorganic Qualitative analysis
Detection of positive ion and negative ion in aqueous solution of soluble unknown inorgane solute.
-Positive ions
Pb2+, Cu2, Sn2, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+, K+, Na+
Negative ions :
CL-, CO3 2-, Br-, L-, PO4 2-, Cr2O7 2-, SO4 2-, NO3 -
* This should be included in theoretical text book.
* To detect unknow organic substance.
- Substance containing the groups - Carboxyl, phenolic, Aldehyde, ketone, ester, Alcohol, Amine, Amide, Nitro, Hydrocarbon containing halogen, unsaturated hydro carbon and aromatic hydrocarbon.
* Preparation of any one orgonic substance of following. Acetanilide, lodoform or 2A6 - Tribromoauiline or 2,4,6 - Tribromophenol.
* It should be included in theoretical text book.
* It should be included in theoretical text book.
Note of practical syllabus:
Looking to the limitations of basic amenrities of the laboratory scientifically in the entire Gujarat as well as the number of students of entire Gujarat, certain experiments in chemistry can not,be performed independently. Hence, it is most essential to include such experiments in the theoretical text book in concerned units, of practical syllabus of NCERT.
It is most essential to include special knowledge obtained from such experiments in the text book in concerned units so that the students of Gujarat - can get advantage to appear at the different entrance test.
It is most essential for the students to do elementary calculations from the recorded observations during the experiments before leaving the laboratory.
It is essential to include the use of other units excluding practical observations in the form of examples in the theoretical text book in concerned units.