Syllabus of Higher Secondary Standard (Sci. Stream Eng. Medi.)

Physics (054)

                                                                                Standard 11 PHYSICS

Unit : 1 Physical World and Measurement

• Scope and excitement of physics
• Physics, technology and society, Fundamental forces in nature, Conservation laws, Examples of the gravitational force, Electromagnetic force and nuclear force from the experiences of day-to-day life ( only qualitative )
• Importance of measurement, Units of measurement, System of units, Sl system, Fundamental and derived units, Measurements of length, mass and time, Accuracy and precision of instruments used for measurements, Errors in measurement, Significant figures.
• Dimensions of physical quantities, Dimensional analysis and its applications.

Unit : 2 Kinematics

• Motion in straight line, Graph of position ---> time, Equations of uniformly accelerated motion (graphical method)
• Uniformly accelerated motion, graphs of velocity time and position time, Equation of uniformly accelerated motion ( graphical method)
• Fundamental concept of differentiation and integration for presentation of motion. 
• Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their symbols, Equality of vectors, Multiplication of vectors by real number, Addition and subtraction of vectors, Unit vector, position vector, Resolution of vectors in a plane, Multiplication of vectors- The scalar and vector products, Vectors in three dimensions ( basic concept)
• Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion, Uniform circular motion.

Unit : 3 Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion, momentum , Newton's second law of motion, Impulse of force, Newton's third law of motion, Law of conservation of momentum and its uses, Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and dynamic friction, Laws of friction, Rolling friction, Lubrication, Example of variable mass, Dynamics of uniform circular motion, Centripetal force, Examples of circular motion (Vehicle on a horizontal curved road, vehicle on a banked road Inertial and non-inertial frames of reference ( basic concept).

Unit : 4 Work, Energy and Power

• Work done by a constant and variable force , Kinetic energy, power, work-energy theorem.
• Concept of potential energy, The potential energy of a spring, Conservation of mechanical energy ( kinetic and potential energies Non - conservative forces, Elastic and Inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
• Various forms of energy in nature, The equivalence. of mass and energy (only qualitative idea)

Unit : 5 System of Practical and Motion of A Rigid Body.

• Centre of mass of a system of two particles and its generalisation for a system of n-particles, momentum, conservation and motion of centre of mass, Applications of some known systems, centre of mass of a rigid body.
• Moment of force, Torque, Angular momentum, Conservation of angular momentum ( examples, motion of planets )
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies, Rotational motion of a rigid body and its equations.
• Conservation of linear and rotational -motion, Moment of inertia and its physical interpretation, Radius of gyration:, parallel and perpendicular axes theorem ( only statement without proof), Moment of inertia of a ring, a disc, a cylinder, a sphere and a thin straight rod, a cylinder rolling without sliding.
• Examples of binary system in nature (Binary stars, system of Earth and moon, diatomic molecules)

 

Unit : 6 Gravitation

• Universal law of gravitation, Universal gravitation constant, gravitational acceleration and changes in its value with altitude, depth, latitude and rotation of Earth, Mass of Earth. 
• Gravitational potential energy near, the surface of the earth, Gravitational potential, Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of satellite, weightlessness, Motion of a satellite, Geostationary and polar satellites, Statements of Kepler's law , Proofs of second and third law ( circular orbit), Inertial and gravitational mass.

Unit : 7 Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

• States of matter, Inter atomic and inter molecular forces,
• Solids
• Elastic behavior, relation between stress and strain, Hook's law, Young's modulus, Bulk modulus, Modulus of rigidity, Some applications in practice,
• Fluids
• Pressure due to fluid column, Pascal's law and its applications (Hydraulic lift and hydraulic brake), Effect of gravitational acceleration on pressure, Buoyancy Floatation, Archimedes' principle.
• Stokes law, Terminal velocity, Laminar flow, Reynolds number, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications. 
• Surface energy and surface tension, Application of surface tension (1) in formation of drops and bubbles (2) in capillary action (3) in working of detergents.

Unit : 8 Heat and Thermodynamics

• Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, Concept of pressure, Kinetic energy and temperature, mean, r.m.s. and most probable speeds, degree of freedom, Law of equitation of energy ( only statement), Concept of mean free path, Avogadro number,
• Thermal equilibrium and temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics), Heat, Work and internal energy, Thermal expansion, thermometry , First law of thermodynamics, Specific heat, Molar specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure ( for monoatimic and diaatomic gases ) (Dulong and petit law)
• Variables of thermodynamics and equation of state, phase diagram Ideal gas equation, Isothermal and adiabatic processes, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot's engine and refrigerator or heat pump, Efficiency and coefficient of performance of heat engine. 
• Only statement of second law of thermodynamics and some practical applications. Transmission of heat, Heat conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity of solids, radiation emitted by -a completely black body, Kirchhoff s law, Wien's displacement law, Steffen-Boltzmann law (only statement), Newton's law of cooling, Solar constant and temperature of surface of Sun.

Unit : 9 Oscillations

• Periodic motion-periodic time, Frequency, Displacement as function of time and periodic functions, Simple harmonic motion and its equation, Phase, . Uniform circular ' motion and simple harmonic motion, Oscillation of a spring- restoring force and, force constant, Energy in simple harmonic motion- kinetic and potential energies, Simple pendulum, Derivation of equation of periodic time, Natural , damped , forced oscillations (only qualitative description), resonance, Coupled oscillations.

Unit : 10 Waves

• Transverse and longitudinal waves, Propagation of waves, Velocity of wave, Equation of displacement for a progressive wave, Principle of superposition, Reflection of waves, Stationary waves in a string and in a pipe, Normal modes of vibration, Beats, Doppler effect, Velocity of sound in a medium.

EXPERIMENT
1) Vernier calipers.

• To measure the diameter of a small sphere/cylinder
• Measure the dimension of plate of known mass and hence find its density.
• To find internal diameter and depth of beaker/calori meter and hence decide its volume

2) Micrometer Screw-Gauge.

• To measure the diameter of a wire
• To measure thickness of plate.

3) Spherometer

• To measure the thickness of a given thin plate
• To measure the radius of curvature of spherical surface.

4) Beam Balance
To measure the mass of two different objects of different masses using beam balance.
5) To determine weight of a given body using the law of parallelogram of vectors.
6) Simple pendulum

• Plot the graph of L - T2 using it
• To determine the gravitational acceleration of a given place.

7) To study the relation between maximum static friction force and normal reaction force and to determine the coefficient of static friction between block and horizontal surface.
8 ) To determine the Young's modulus of a given metal wire by Searle's method.
9) To determine the force constant of a spring using oscillations.
10) To determine the force constant of a given spring using the graph of mg --> A/
11) To determine surface tension of water using capillarity.
12) To make the study of the relation between, temperature and time, as the object gets cooled.
13) Using sonometer, for a given wire;

• to study the relation between frequency and length of the wire under constant tension.
• to study the relation between tension and the length of the wire under constant frequency.

14) To find the velocity of sound at room temperature using the resonance tube.
15) To decide the coefficient of viscosity by measuring terminal velocity of a small spheres.
                                                                

Standard 12 PHYSICS

Unit : 1 Static Electricity

• Friction electricity, Charges and their conservation, Coulomb's law-forces acting between two point charges, forces acting among many charge, principle of superposition and continuous charge distribution. 
• Electric field and its physical interpretation , Electric field of a point charge, electric lines of force, electric dipole, Electric field of dipole and its behaviour in a uniform electric field.
• Electric potential-physical meaning, Electric potential due to a dipole and system of charges, Equipotential surfaces, Electric potential energy of system of two point charges and electric potential energy of an electric dipole in a static electric field.
• Statement of Gauss's Theorem about electric flux and to find electric field in case of (1) linear, charge distribution of infinite length (2) uniformly charged infinite plane (3) uniformly charged spherical shell (inside and outside the shell)
• Conductors and insulators, Presence of free and bound charges, Dielectric and electric polarization, General idea of capacitor and capacitance, Series and parallel connection of capacitors, Energy stored in capacitors, Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor in absence and presence of dielectric, Van de Graff generator .

 

Unit : 2 Current Electricity

• Electric current, motion of charges in metallic substances, Drift velocity, Mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm's law, V-1 characteristics of an electric resistance, Exception of Ohm's law (non-linear V-1 characteristics), Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Classification of substances with respect to conductivity, superconductivity ( basic concept), Carbon resistance, Color code for carbon resistor, Series and parallel connection of resistors. 
• Dependence of resistivity on temperature
• Internal resistance of an electric cell, Terminal voltage of a cell and e.m.f. (electromotive force), Series and parallel connection of cells, Kirchhoff s law.
• Kirchhoff s laws- explanation with an illustration, Whetstone's bridge and its use for the measurement of temperature, meter bridge- a special case of Whetstone's bridge.
• Potentiometer- principle and its use to measure potential difference and to compare e.m.fs. of two cells.
• Electric power, thermal effect of electric current and Joule's law, chemical effects of electric current- Faraday's laws. of electrolysis, charging of a lead storage cell, solid state cells.
• Thermo electricity- origin, basic ideas of Seeback, Thomson and Peltier effect, thermo couple, thermo e.m.f., neutral and inversion temperatures.

Unit : 3 Magnetic effects of electric current and magnetism.

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic fields due to a straight and infinitely long conductor and a dng carrying current, Ampere's circuital law and its use in a straight and torroidal solenoids, force acting on charges moving through uniform electric and magnetic fields, cyclotron, force acting on a wire carrying current placed in a uniform magnetic field, force acting between two straight and long parallel conductors carrying current and definition of 1 ampere, torque acting on a current carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field, moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and its conversion in an ammeter and a voltmeter.
• A coil carrying current as a magnetic dipole and its dipole moment, dipole moment of an electron performing circular motion, magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)- on its axial and equatorial lines, lines of force of uniform magnetic field, Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements, para, dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples and permanent magnets. 

Unit : 4 Electromagnetic induction and alternating current(a.c.)

• Electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, induced e.m.f and current, Lenz's law, Eddy currents, self and mutual induction.
• A.C. currents, peak and r.m.s. values of alternating current and voltage, reactance, impedance, LC oscillations, LCR series circuit(phasor) - resonance circuits. Q factor, power in AC circuits, watt-less current.
• A.C. generator and transformer

Unit : 5 Electromagnetic waves:

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative), transverse nature of electromagnetic waves,.
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays and primary information about their uses, propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere.

Unit : 6 Optics:

• Reflection by light-spherical mirrors, formula of mirror, refraction of light, total internal reflection and its uses, spherical lens, equation of a thin lens, lens-maker formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction and dispersion of light by a prism, spectrometer and its use to measure refractive index of the material of prism, rainbow, scattering of light, blue color of sky, crimson color of sky at sun rise and sun set.
• Optical devices- compound microscope, astronomical telescope and their magnification power.

Wave front and Huygene's principle, reflection and refraction of plane waves from plane surfaces using wave front (qualitative idea), interference- young's double slit experiment and equation of width of fringes, coherent sources and stationary interference, diffraction- diffraction by a single slit, width of central maximum, difference between interference and diffraction, resolving power of microscope and telescope, polarization- plane polarized light, Nicole prism, Brewster's law, Uses of plane polarized light and Polaroid.

 

Unit : 7 Atom and nucleus:

• Experiment of (x:-bombardment, Rutherford's atomic model, Bohr's model, quantization of energy.
• Hydrogen spectrum- energy levels, excitation and ionization potentials, emission and absorption spectra, emission of X-rays, Moseley's law and atomic number.
• Spontaneous and stimulated emission-maser and laser.
• Structure and dimensions of nuclei, atomic mass, isotopes, isobars, isotones, mass energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with atomic mass number, form of nuclear, forces. 
• Radioactivity, a, P and y radiations and their properties law of radioactive disintegration half life and decay constant, simple explanation of (X, 0 and y decay, nuclear reactions- nuclear fission and fusion, energy sources of stars only concept)

Unit : 8 Radiation & Dual Nature of Matter:

• Photoelectric effect, Einstein's equation of photoelectric effect, particle nature of light, photocell and its uses. I
• Matter waves- wave nature of particles, De Broglie's equation, De Broglie wavelength of electron, Division-Germer's experiment.
• Primary concept of electron microscope,

Unit : 9 Semiconductor Devices

• Energy bands in solids substances (qualitative concept), Metals in the context with band theory, Difference between non conductors and semiconductors', Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, PN junction, Semiconductors, Diode- characteristics in forward and reverse bias, Diode as a rectifier, Solar cell, Photo diode, LED, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, Junction transistor, Working of a transistor, Characteristics of transistor, Use of transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and as an oscillator, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and OR), Primary concept of I.C.

Unit : 10 Communication System

• Primary concepts of Analogue and digital communication, Necessity of modulation, Simple amplitude modulation and detection, quality of digital communication, Data transmission and reception, Principle of fax and modem
• Space communication- sky and space wave propagation, Satellite communication, Use in remote sensing.
• Line communication, Two wire lines, Cables, Telephone links, Optical communication ( Optical fiber, use of laser), basic principle of light modulation.

EXPERIMENTS

• To establish the relation between current and voltage for a metallic conductor and to find the resistance of conductor.
• To find the resistance of a given wire using meter-bridge/post office box and from that to decide resistivity of material of the wire.
• To verify the laws of combinations (series and parallel) of resistances using meter bridge/post office box.
• To verify the laws of combinations (series and parallel) using potentiometer.
• To determine the internal resistance of a primary cell using a potentiometer.
• To find the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
• To convert galvanometer of known resistance and know sensitivity into an ammeter/ voltmeter of desired range and to verify it.
• To find the frequency of AC mains using monometer.
• To find focal length of a concave mirror, by determining image distances V corresponding to different object distances U.
• Plot the graphs of object distance U versus image distance V & 1/u versus 1/v and find focal length of a convex lens.
• To find focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens.
• To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens.
• To find refractive index of material of prism, finding the angle of minimum deviation of light of given color for a given prism using spectrometer.
• To find the refractive index material of a glass slab using traveling microscope.
• To draw the characteristics of PN junction in case of forward bias and hence decide its static and dynamic resistances.
• To draw the characteristics of zener diode and to decide its reverse brake down voltage.
• To study the characteristics of PNP and NPN transistors and to determine current gain and voltage gain.